24 \u015eubat 1942\u2019de, 100\u2019\u00fc \u00e7ocuk 763 Yahudi m\u00fclteciyi ta\u015f\u0131yan Struma isimli gemi, T\u00fcrkiye k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 mil a\u00e7\u0131kta, Karadeniz\u2019de bir Sovyet denizalt\u0131s\u0131ndan at\u0131lan torpille batt\u0131. 762 m\u00fclteci ve 10 m\u00fcrettebat bo\u011fularak \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Struma 12 Aral\u0131k 1941\u2019de Romanya\u2019n\u0131n K\u00f6stence liman\u0131ndan hareket etmi\u015f, 15 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta \u0130stanbul liman\u0131na gelmi\u015fti. Filistin\u2019e gitmek \u00fczere yola \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan m\u00fcltecilere \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin \u0130stanbul Ba\u015fkonsoloslu\u011fu vize vermedi. Yahudi m\u00fclteciler 71 g\u00fcn boyunca \u0130stanbul\u2019da beklediler. 23 \u015eubat 1942\u2019de Struma\u2019n\u0131n kaptan\u0131ndan liman\u0131 terk etmesi istendi. Kaptan motorunun bozuk oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle gemiyi hareket ettirmeyince, polisler gemiye \u00e7\u0131karak halatlar\u0131n\u0131 kestiler. R\u00f6morklar Struma\u2019y\u0131 Bo\u011faz\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kararak \u015eile a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131na \u00e7ekti. Yani bug\u00fcnk\u00fc tabirle, \u201cgeriye itti\u201d. Ertesi g\u00fcn facia ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.<\/strong><\/p>\n Struma\u2019n\u0131n ak\u0131betinden yakla\u015f\u0131k bir y\u0131l \u00f6nce de, yine Romanya\u2019dan binen 342 Yahudi m\u00fclteciyle \u0130stanbul\u2019a gelen Salvador adl\u0131 gemidekilerin de karaya \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131na izin verilmemi\u015fti. Limandan zorla \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan gemi Silivri a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda f\u0131rt\u0131naya tutularak 13 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta batm\u0131\u015f ve 219 Yahudiye mezar olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n \u0130ngilizler vize vermeyince, geldikleri yere geri d\u00f6nmek istemeyen, gemide a\u00e7l\u0131k ve salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bir an \u00f6nce karaya \u00e7\u0131kmak isteyen bu m\u00fcltecilere neden \u0130stanbul\u2019a \u00e7\u0131kma izni verilmedi?<\/p>\n Yayg\u0131n tevat\u00fcre g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkiye \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda soyk\u0131r\u0131mdan ka\u00e7an Yahudilere kucak a\u00e7mam\u0131\u015f m\u0131yd\u0131? T\u00fcrkiye Nazi mezaliminden kurtulmak isteyenler i\u00e7in bir \u201cg\u00fcvenli s\u0131\u011f\u0131nak\u201d olmam\u0131\u015f m\u0131yd\u0131? Struma facias\u0131n\u0131n 80. y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde bu sorulara tatmin edici cevaplar bulabilmeliyiz.<\/strong><\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den \u201cg\u00fcvenli s\u0131\u011f\u0131nak\u201d olarak bahsedilirken, Atat\u00fcrk devrinde (1933) Almanya\u2019da zulme u\u011frayan Yahudi bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye getirildikleri anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Bu tarihsel bir ger\u00e7ektir. Fakat Nazi zulm\u00fc alt\u0131nda ezilen b\u00fct\u00fcn Yahudilere kucak a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. Esasen Atat\u00fcrk d\u00f6neminde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye gelen Yahudi bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 130 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Aileleriyle birlikte bunlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 600\u2019\u00fc ge\u00e7memektedir.<\/strong> Konunun ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 baz\u0131 yay\u0131nlarda, Yahudi bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n davet edilmesinin, o y\u0131llarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmekte olan \u00fcniversite reformuyla do\u011frudan ilgili oldu\u011fu bilgisi payla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Nitekim Yahudilerin geli\u015fi s\u00fcreklilik arz etmemi\u015f, sava\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra da yukar\u0131daki \u00f6rneklerde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, transit ge\u00e7ecekler d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki Yahudi m\u00fcltecilerin \u00fclkeye giri\u015flerine izin verilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Peki neden izin verilmemi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n Cevap bir ar\u015fiv vesikas\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde sakl\u0131. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn imzas\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan 25 Haziran 1947 tarihli 6067 say\u0131l\u0131 Bakanlar Kurulu karar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle:<\/p>\n \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye gelecek yabanc\u0131 Yahudiler hakk\u0131nda al\u0131nacak tedbirlere dair olan 30\/1\/1941 tarihli ve 2\/15132 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n uygun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne dayanan D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 23\/6\/1947 tarihli ve 89403\/259 say\u0131l\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine, Bakanlar Kurulunun 25\/6\/1947 tarihli toplant\u0131s\u0131nda kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n Bu karar\u0131 okuyunca ne anlars\u0131n\u0131z? Demek ki, 1941\u2019de al\u0131nan yabanc\u0131 uyruklu Yahudilerle ilgili bir karar varm\u0131\u015f ve bu karar 1947\u2019de yeni bir kararla kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f.<\/strong> S\u00f6z konusu karar\u0131n neden kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayabilmeniz i\u00e7in evvela metni okuman\u0131z laz\u0131m gelir. Ama burada bir s\u00fcrpriz sizi bekliyor. 1947 tarihli karar\u0131 devlet ar\u015fivlerinin internet sitesinden kolayca buldu\u011funuz gibi, 1941 tarihli olan\u0131 da bulabilece\u011finizi san\u0131yorsan\u0131z yan\u0131l\u0131yorsunuz.<\/p>\n Hayret verici ama 81 y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen 2\/15132 say\u0131l\u0131 Bakanlar Kurulu karar\u0131 h\u00e2len gizli. T\u0131pk\u0131 29 A\u011fustos 1938 tarihli ve 2 \/ 9498 say\u0131l\u0131, Yahudilerin \u00fclkeye giri\u015flerine ilk k\u0131s\u0131tlamay\u0131 getiren kararnamenin gizli oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/strong><\/p>\n Her ne kadar bu iki kararname \u00fczerindeki gizlilik kayd\u0131 s\u00fcrse de, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti devletinden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 maddi destekle, Turkey and Holocaust (T\u00fcrkiye ve Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131) adl\u0131 bir kitap yazan Standford Shaw, evvelce T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Yahudi Ajans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n temsilcili\u011fini yapm\u0131\u015f olan Haim Barlas\u2019\u0131n 1970\u2019te \u0130srail\u2019de yay\u0131nlanan bir kitab\u0131na at\u0131fla 2\/15132 say\u0131l\u0131 kararnamenin tam metnini, \u0130ngilizce olarak yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Shaw\u2019\u0131n yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 metinden anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar\u0131yla; \u201cBug\u00fcnk\u00fc dinleri ne olursa olsun, tabiyetinde bulunduklar\u0131 \u00fclkelerde ya\u015fama ve seyahat k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015f Yahudi \u0131rk\u0131ndan ki\u015filerin, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye giri\u015fleri ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de oturmalar\u0131 yasakt\u0131r.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n Genel olarak \u201cYahudi \u0131rk\u0131ndan\u201d olanlar\u0131n, transit d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye giri\u015fleri engellenmekle birlikte, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye yarar\u0131 olabilecek ki\u015filer i\u00e7in bir a\u00e7\u0131k kap\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Shaw\u2019\u0131n aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar\u0131yla kararnamenin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki bakanl\u0131klar ya da kurumlarda istihdam\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan ya da uygun resm\u00ee makamlarca, ticari ve ekonomik fayda sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131na kanaat getirilen\u2026 giri\u015f vizesi sa\u011flanmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00f6zel izin i\u00e7in\u2026 m\u00fcracaat edebilir.\u201d<\/p>\n Dolayl\u0131 yoldan okuyabilsek de, bu kararnamede yazanlar Salvador ve Struma\u2019daki m\u00fcltecilerin \u0130stanbul\u2019a ayak basmalar\u0131na neden izin verilmedi\u011fini ortaya koyuyor. Devlet alm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu kararlarla \u201cYahudi \u0131rk\u0131ndan\u201d yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fclkeye giri\u015fini yasaklam\u0131\u015f. \u0130ki yasak kararnamesinin ilki sava\u015f ba\u015flamadan tam bir y\u0131l \u00f6nceye uzan\u0131yor. \u0130lkinin g\u00fcncellenmi\u015f h\u00e2li olan 2\/15132 say\u0131l\u0131 kararname ise sava\u015f\u0131n patlak vermesinden 1,5 y\u0131l sonra \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f.<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00d6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki per\u015fembe, Struma kurbanlar\u0131 her y\u0131l oldu\u011fu gibi Sarayburnu\u2019ndan denize \u00e7elenk b\u0131rak\u0131larak an\u0131lacak. Facian\u0131n 80. y\u0131l\u0131nda, Yahudi m\u00fcltecilerin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye giri\u015flerini yasaklayan kararnamelerin \u00fczerindeki gizlilik kayd\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n bu d\u00f6nemi t\u00fcm ger\u00e7ekleri bilerek yazmalar\u0131na imk\u00e2n verilmesini dilerim.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" 24 \u015eubat 1942\u2019de, 100\u2019\u00fc \u00e7ocuk 763 Yahudi m\u00fclteciyi ta\u015f\u0131yan Struma isimli gemi, T\u00fcrkiye k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 mil a\u00e7\u0131kta, Karadeniz\u2019de bir Sovyet denizalt\u0131s\u0131ndan at\u0131lan torpille batt\u0131. 762 m\u00fclteci ve 10 m\u00fcrettebat bo\u011fularak \u00f6ld\u00fc. Struma 12 Aral\u0131k 1941\u2019de Romanya\u2019n\u0131n K\u00f6stence liman\u0131ndan hareket etmi\u015f, 15 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta \u0130stanbul liman\u0131na gelmi\u015fti. Filistin\u2019e gitmek \u00fczere yola \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan m\u00fcltecilere \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin \u0130stanbul […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12015,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[37],"class_list":["post-5911","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gazete","tag-37"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5911","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5911"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5911\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12015"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5911"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5911"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5911"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}