{"id":4608,"date":"2019-07-28T09:11:21","date_gmt":"2019-07-28T06:11:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/?p=4608"},"modified":"2024-03-07T09:44:09","modified_gmt":"2024-03-07T06:44:09","slug":"lozanin-suresi-tartismasi-28-07-2019-turkiye-gazetesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/?p=4608","title":{"rendered":"&#8220;Lozan\u2019\u0131n S\u00fcresi&#8221; tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 (28.07.2019) T\u00fcrkiye Gazetesi"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>Son g\u00fcnlerde bas\u0131n organlar\u0131nda ve bilhassa sosyal medya mecralar\u0131nda Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 100 y\u0131l i\u00e7in yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve s\u00fcresinin 2023\u2019te dolaca\u011f\u0131 \u015feklinde baz\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler yer al\u0131yor.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>Lozan\u2019\u0131n s\u00fcresinin ne zaman bitece\u011fi sorusuna cevap ararken biri genel di\u011feri \u00f6zel iki hususa e\u011filmekte fayda var. \u0130lki uluslararas\u0131 antla\u015fmalar\u0131n nas\u0131l ve ne zaman sona erdi\u011fi, di\u011feri ise Lozan anla\u015fmalar sisteminin ne oldu\u011fu hususlar\u0131&#8230;<\/div>\n<div>Uluslararas\u0131 hukukta antla\u015fmalar\u0131n ancak belli \u015fartlarda sona erece\u011fi d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bunlardan biri antla\u015fman\u0131n buyruk kurala (<em>Jus cogens<\/em>) ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131 durumudur. Yap\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda genel uluslararas\u0131 hukukun emredici bir kural\u0131yla \u00e7eli\u015fen her antla\u015fma bat\u0131l oldu\u011fu gibi, sonradan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak yeni bir emredici kuralla \u00e7eli\u015fen her antla\u015fma da bat\u0131ld\u0131r. Mesela, kuvvet kullanman\u0131n ya da k\u00f6le ticaretinin hen\u00fcz yasaklanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde devletler aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ve bu konularla ilgili antla\u015fmalar, s\u00f6z konusu eylemlerin uluslararas\u0131 hukukta yasaklanmas\u0131yla birlikte ge\u00e7erliliklerini kaybetmi\u015flerdir.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>Antla\u015fmalar\u0131 sona erdiren bir di\u011fer durum, antla\u015fman\u0131n yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 gerekli k\u0131lan durumun ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131&nbsp;<em>imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k<\/em>&nbsp;h\u00e2lidir. \u0130ki devlet aras\u0131nda birbirlerinin \u00fclkelerindeki az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n m\u00fcbadelesini \u00f6ng\u00f6ren bir anla\u015fman\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsayal\u0131m. M\u00fcbadele ger\u00e7ekle\u015fip de, her iki \u00fclkede de m\u00fcbadeleye tabi ba\u015fka kimse kalmay\u0131nca anla\u015fma sona ermi\u015f olur.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc durum, uluslararas\u0131 \u015fartlar\u0131n k\u00f6kl\u00fc \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015fmesinin antla\u015fman\u0131n devam\u0131n\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131z k\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Latince kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan&nbsp;<em>rebus sic stantibus<\/em>&nbsp;ilkesi olarak da bilinen bu durum, uluslararas\u0131 antla\u015fmalar hukukunun esaslar\u0131ndan olan&nbsp;<em>ahde vefa<\/em>&nbsp;ilkesinin istisnas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Bizi de ilgilendiren bir \u00f6rnek Lozan Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin, \u015fartlar\u0131n k\u00f6kl\u00fc \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcren T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin davetiyle toplanan konferansta imzalanan Montr\u00f6 Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile ortadan kalkmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>Ba\u015fka bir durum, antla\u015fma h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin taraflardan birinin ya da t\u00fcm\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan k\u00f6kl\u00fc \u015fekilde ihlal edilmesiyle antla\u015fman\u0131n ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini yitirmesidir. Mesela iki devlet aras\u0131ndaki sald\u0131rmazl\u0131k antla\u015fmas\u0131, bu devletler aras\u0131nda sava\u015f \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla tabiat\u0131yla nihayete erer.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>Antla\u015fmalar, imzac\u0131 taraflar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 anla\u015fmas\u0131yla da sona erebilir. Sona erdirilen anla\u015fman\u0131n yerine yeni birinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 da \u015fart de\u011fildir.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>Son olarak, antla\u015fman\u0131n ne zaman ya da ne \u015fekilde sona erece\u011fine ili\u015fkin bir h\u00fck\u00fcm antla\u015fma metninde yer al\u0131yorsa, o s\u00fcre sonunda antla\u015fma ortadan kalkar. Mesela 1925 tarihli T\u00fcrk-Sovyet Tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k ve Sald\u0131rmazl\u0131k Anla\u015fmas\u0131, iki devlet aras\u0131nda 1935\u2019te akdedilen protokole g\u00f6re Kas\u0131m 1945\u2019e kadar s\u00fcrecekti. Taraflardan biri May\u0131s 1945\u2019e kadar di\u011ferine anla\u015fmay\u0131 uzatmak istemedi\u011fini bildirdi\u011fi takdirde, anla\u015fma kendili\u011finden ortadan kalkacakt\u0131. Nitekim 19 Mart 1945\u2019te T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye bir nota veren SSCB, anla\u015fman\u0131n uzamas\u0131n\u0131 istemedi\u011fini bildirmi\u015f ve Kas\u0131m 1945 itibar\u0131yla&nbsp;bu anla\u015fma h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetmi\u015ftir&#8230;<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>Antla\u015fmalar\u0131n sona eri\u015fiyle ilgili bu genel bilgilerden sonra Lozan anla\u015fmalar sisteminin ne oldu\u011funa bir g\u00f6z atal\u0131m. Kamuoyundaki yayg\u0131n kanaatin aksine Lozan anla\u015fmalar\u0131, 24 Temmuz 1923\u2019te imzalanan Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndan ibaret de\u011fildir. Ayn\u0131 tarihte Lozan\u2019da, Bo\u011fazlar Rejimine \u0130li\u015fkin S\u00f6zle\u015fme, T\u00fcrkiye-Trakya S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin S\u00f6zle\u015fme, Yerle\u015fme ve Yarg\u0131 Yetkisine \u0130li\u015fkin S\u00f6zle\u015fme de imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu metinlere imza at\u0131lmadan aylar \u00f6nce 30 Ocak\u2019ta yine Lozan\u2019da T\u00fcrk-Yunan N\u00fcfus M\u00fcbadelesi S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu metinlere ek olarak taraflar aras\u0131nda protokol ya da mektup teatisi yoluyla h\u00fck\u00fcm kazanm\u0131\u015f ba\u015fka uluslararas\u0131 hukuk metinleri de Lozan anla\u015fmalar sisteminin bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktayd\u0131.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>Lozan anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n ya da \u00f6zel olarak Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n herhangi bir yerinde taraflar aras\u0131nda akdedilen metinlerin 100 y\u0131l sonra ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini yitirece\u011fine dair bir ifade bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, Lozan belgelerinden olup 2023\u2019te y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kalkacak bir metin yoktur.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>Bununla birlikte, Lozan anla\u015fmalar sistemi i\u00e7inde yer alan metinlerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc tamamen bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ise k\u0131smen, bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda yer alan gerek\u00e7eler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde zaman i\u00e7inde m\u00fcnfesih duruma gelmi\u015ftir. Mesela, Hatay\u2019\u0131n 1939\u2019da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla, Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 3. Maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen ve 1921 tarihli T\u00fcrk-Frans\u0131z anla\u015fmas\u0131na dayand\u0131r\u0131lan Suriye s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenleme h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz h\u00e2le gelmi\u015ftir. Keza, Antla\u015fma\u2019n\u0131n 26. Maddesinde, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin mill\u00ee&nbsp;s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131may\u0131 kabul etti\u011fi baz\u0131 devletler tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7te yok olmu\u015ftur. Mesela bug\u00fcn S\u0131rp-H\u0131rvat-Sloven devleti diye bir devlet bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Anla\u015fman\u0131n 29. Maddesinde, Frans\u0131z uyru\u011funa sahip Fasl\u0131 ve Tunuslulara verilen haklardan s\u00f6z edilmektedir ki, bu devletler ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131ktan sonra s\u00f6z konusu h\u00fck\u00fcmler de anlams\u0131zla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r&#8230;<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>Bu t\u00fcrden \u00f6rnekler \u00e7oktur. Merak eden okurlar internetten anla\u015fma metinlerine eri\u015fip bakabilir. En bariz de\u011fi\u015fiklik yukar\u0131da da zikretti\u011fim, Lozan Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin yerini Montr\u00f6 Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi&#8217;nin almas\u0131d\u0131r&#8230;<\/div>\n<div>Sonu\u00e7 olarak, Lozan anla\u015fmalar sisteminde yer alan metinlerin h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn imza edildikleri zamandan bu yana meydana gelen geli\u015fmeler sebebiyle ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131, bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ise aynen ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u015fik\u00e2rd\u0131r. Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 2023\u2019te tamamen sona erece\u011fi do\u011fru de\u011fildir.<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Son g\u00fcnlerde bas\u0131n organlar\u0131nda ve bilhassa sosyal medya mecralar\u0131nda Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 100 y\u0131l i\u00e7in yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve s\u00fcresinin 2023\u2019te dolaca\u011f\u0131 \u015feklinde baz\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler yer al\u0131yor. &nbsp; Lozan\u2019\u0131n s\u00fcresinin ne zaman bitece\u011fi sorusuna cevap ararken biri genel di\u011feri \u00f6zel iki hususa e\u011filmekte fayda var. \u0130lki uluslararas\u0131 antla\u015fmalar\u0131n nas\u0131l ve ne zaman sona erdi\u011fi, di\u011feri ise Lozan anla\u015fmalar [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12372,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[32],"class_list":["post-4608","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gazete","tag-32"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4608","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4608"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4608\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12372"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4608"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4608"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4608"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}