{"id":4463,"date":"2019-05-05T13:20:46","date_gmt":"2019-05-05T10:20:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/?p=4463"},"modified":"2024-03-07T10:06:18","modified_gmt":"2024-03-07T07:06:18","slug":"abd-venezuela-icin-pazarlik-yapar-mi-05-05-2019-turkiye-gazetesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/?p=4463","title":{"rendered":"ABD Venezuela i\u00e7in pazarl\u0131k yapar m\u0131? (05.05.2019) T\u00fcrkiye Gazetesi"},"content":{"rendered":"
Venezuela\u2019da ya\u015fananlar bir\u00e7ok uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkiler uzman\u0131na Monroe Doktrini\u2019ni hat\u0131rlat\u0131yor. 1823\u2019te d\u00f6nemin ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 James Monroe ABD Kongresi\u2019ne sundu\u011fu y\u0131ll\u0131k mesaj\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde G\u00fcney Amerika geli\u015fmelerine de de\u011finmi\u015fti. \u00d6zetle Monroe, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci devletlerinin G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kazanan ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ABD kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rnek alan devletlere m\u00fcdahale etmemesi, ABD\u2019nin de Avrupa i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Bu doktrin uzun y\u0131llar boyunca iki \u015fekilde uyguland\u0131. Birincisi, ABD \u0130spanya ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Avrupa devletlerinin G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019daki etkisini k\u0131rmaya ve bu alan\u0131 kendi \u201carka bah\u00e7esi\u201d h\u00e2line getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hatta bu u\u011furda 1898\u2019de \u0130spanya ile sava\u015ft\u0131. Doktrin\u2019in ikinci uygulanma \u015fekli ise, ABD\u2019nin Avrupa ihtilaflar\u0131na taraf olmamas\u0131 ve kal\u0131c\u0131 asker\u00ee ittifaklara girmemesiydi. Bu ikincisi, 1945\u2019ten sonra ortadan kalkt\u0131. ABD\u2019nin 1949\u2019da NATO\u2019yu kurmas\u0131ndan itibaren, ABD asker\u00ee ve siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan Avrupa i\u015flerine m\u00fcdahil oldu. Monroe Doktrini\u2019nin hedefi ise hi\u00e7bir zaman ortadan kalkmad\u0131. Aksine neredeyse her ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilk \u00fc\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f politika \u00f6nceli\u011fi aras\u0131nda G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019yla ili\u015fkiler konusu yer ald\u0131. Kimi ABD Ba\u015fkanlar\u0131, Theodore Roosevelt \u00f6rne\u011finde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilece\u011fi gibi, do\u011frudan m\u00fcdahalecili\u011fi benimsedi. 1934\u2019e kadar s\u00fcren bu d\u00f6neme literat\u00fcrde Muz Sava\u015flar\u0131 ya da Meyve Sava\u015flar\u0131 d\u00f6nemi ad\u0131 verilir. Kimi y\u00f6netimler ise, Franklin D. Roosevelt ve John F. Kennedy \u00f6rneklerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilece\u011fi gibi, daha yumu\u015fak m\u00fcdahale ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 benimsediler. Nihai ama\u00e7 ABD\u2019nin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak olmakla birlikte, \u201cortak kalk\u0131nma\u201d, \u201cyoksullukla m\u00fccadele\u201d, \u201cekonomik yard\u0131mlar\u201d gibi kavramlar \u00fczerinden G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019ya m\u00fcdahale devam etti. Ama yeri geldi\u011finde asker\u00ee se\u00e7ene\u011fi kullanmay\u0131 da ihmal etmediler. Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanan Kennedy\u2019nin K\u00fcba\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik Domuzlar K\u00f6rfezi harek\u00e2t\u0131 bunlardan biridir.<\/span><\/div>\n
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SSCB ile k\u00fcresel bir ideolojik m\u00fccadelenin k\u0131ran k\u0131rana s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u0131llarda ABD\u2019nin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019ya m\u00fcdahale y\u00f6ntemlerinden biri de, kendi politik hedeflerine uygun hareket etmeyen y\u00f6netimlere kar\u015f\u0131 asker\u00ee darbeler d\u00fczenlemekti. Guatemala\u2019dan \u015eili\u2019ye, Brezilya\u2019dan Arjantin\u2019e bir\u00e7ok G\u00fcney Amerika \u00fclkesinde s\u0131rf ABD yanl\u0131s\u0131 y\u00f6netimler iktidara gelebilsinler ya da iktidarda kalabilsinler diye demokrasi kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 eylemlere destek verildi.<\/span><\/div>\n
ABD y\u00f6netimleri, s\u00f6z konusu olan G\u00fcney Amerika oldu\u011funda b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda kendi tutumlar\u0131ndan taviz vermediler ve ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir g\u00fc\u00e7le pazarl\u0131\u011fa oturmad\u0131lar. Bunun istisnas\u0131 1962\u2019deki K\u00fcba Krizi\u2019dir. Krizin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in ABD ve SSCB\u2019nin, T\u00fcrkiye ve K\u00fcba \u00fczerinden pazarl\u0131k yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bug\u00fcn net olarak biliyoruz. K\u00fcba Krizi\u2019ni di\u011fer G\u00fcney Amerika geli\u015fmelerinden farkl\u0131 k\u0131lan, ABD\u2019nin buradaki restle\u015fme sebebiyle kendi topraklar\u0131na bir n\u00fckleer sald\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131lma ihtimaliyle ilk kez y\u00fcz y\u00fcze gelmesiydi. B\u00f6yle bir tehdit bir daha hi\u00e7bir hadisede ya\u015fanmad\u0131.<\/span><\/div>\n
ABD\u2019nin 1823\u2019ten bu yana s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7izginin bize \u00f6\u011fretti\u011fi d\u00f6rt temel husus var:<\/span><\/div>\n
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Birincisi, ABD d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015fka yerlerindeki \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak, s\u00f6z konusu G\u00fcney Amerika oldu\u011funda bunu hayati bir \u00e7\u0131kar olarak kabul ediyor ve kolay kolay hi\u00e7bir devletle pazarl\u0131k masas\u0131na oturmuyor. Bu noktada, uluslararas\u0131 hukuktan ya da uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlerden de\u011fil, kendi i\u00e7 hukukundan destek almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Yani G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019y\u0131 kendi i\u00e7 i\u015fi olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden, uluslararas\u0131 hukuktan bir dayanak bulma ihtiyac\u0131 dahi hissetmiyor.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0130kincisi, ABD\u2019nin G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019daki bir \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u015fka bir k\u00fcresel g\u00fc\u00e7le pazarl\u0131\u011fa oturmas\u0131n\u0131n tek sebebi, kendisine do\u011frudan \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl zarar verebilecek bir geli\u015fmenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kma ihtimali. ABD\u2019ye y\u00f6nelik y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6nlemek d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Washington y\u00f6netimlerini pazarl\u0131k masas\u0131na oturtabilecek bir \u00f6rnek yok. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, di\u011fer bir k\u00fcresel g\u00fcc\u00fcn G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019da ABD\u2019nin n\u00fcfuzunu kabul etme kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015fka bir yerinde ABD\u2019den taviz koparabilme pazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmesi \u00e7ok kolay de\u011fil.<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, ABD G\u00fcney Amerika \u00fclkelerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcdahalelerle k\u0131sa vadeli baz\u0131 kazan\u00e7lar elde ediyor. Fakat uzun vadede ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sonu\u00e7lar asl\u0131nda ABD halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na zarar veriyor. Mesela, ABD m\u00fcdahaleleri olmasayd\u0131 belki de kendi alan\u0131nda demokratik tecr\u00fcbeleri ya\u015fayabilecek ve kendi do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 halklar\u0131n\u0131n refah\u0131 i\u00e7in kullanabilecek \u00fclkelerde, m\u00fcdahaleler sonucunda siyasi ve ekonomik istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k, kaynaklar\u0131n verimsiz kullan\u0131m\u0131, i\u015fsizlik, yoksulluk, y\u00fcksek su\u00e7 oran\u0131 gibi problemler ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Bu problemler sebebiyle ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 art\u0131yor, uyu\u015fturucu ticareti ve di\u011fer \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc su\u00e7lar ABD\u2019yi de tehdit ediyor.<\/span><\/div>\n
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D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, uluslararas\u0131 hukuku hi\u00e7e sayarak ve g\u00fcce odakl\u0131 olarak y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen ABD\u2019nin G\u00fcney Amerika politikalar\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015fka yerlerindeki ABD kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da k\u00f6r\u00fckl\u00fcyor. ABD\u2019nin Orta Do\u011fu\u2019daki benzer tutum ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck tepki g\u00f6rmezken, s\u00f6z konusu G\u00fcney Amerika oldu\u011funda, hem bu b\u00f6lgedeki \u00fclkelerin halklar\u0131n\u0131n Avrupa\u2019yla yak\u0131n ba\u011flar\u0131 olmas\u0131, hem Katolik olmalar\u0131, hem de k\u00fcreselle\u015fme kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir sol dayan\u0131\u015fma \u00fczerinden, Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde ABD\u2019ye y\u00f6nelik ele\u015ftiriler art\u0131yor.<\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Venezuela\u2019da ya\u015fananlar bir\u00e7ok uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkiler uzman\u0131na Monroe Doktrini\u2019ni hat\u0131rlat\u0131yor. 1823\u2019te d\u00f6nemin ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 James Monroe ABD Kongresi\u2019ne sundu\u011fu y\u0131ll\u0131k mesaj\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde G\u00fcney Amerika geli\u015fmelerine de de\u011finmi\u015fti. \u00d6zetle Monroe, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci devletlerinin G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kazanan ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ABD kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rnek alan devletlere m\u00fcdahale etmemesi, ABD\u2019nin de Avrupa i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu.   Bu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12495,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[32],"class_list":["post-4463","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gazete","tag-32"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4463","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4463"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4463\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12495"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4463"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4463"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4463"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}