{"id":4440,"date":"2019-03-31T10:35:22","date_gmt":"2019-03-31T07:35:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/?p=4440"},"modified":"2024-03-07T10:19:14","modified_gmt":"2024-03-07T07:19:14","slug":"terorle-mucadele-ve-mesru-mudafaa-31-03-2019-turkiye-gazetesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/?p=4440","title":{"rendered":"Ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele ve me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa (31.03.2019) T\u00fcrkiye Gazetesi"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>Uluslararas\u0131 hukukta bir devletin di\u011ferine kar\u015f\u0131 kuvvet kullanmas\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu genel kural\u0131n iki istisnas\u0131 mevcuttur. Biri, bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 ihlal eden bir devlete kar\u015f\u0131 Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler (BM) G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u2019nin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 karara dayanarak kuvvet kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede BM Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n VII. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi \u015fekliyle, G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u2019nin kararla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n sald\u0131rgan\u0131 durdurmak ve bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 tesis etmek konusunda yetersiz kalmas\u0131 durumunda, uluslararas\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fin yeniden temini i\u00e7in kara, deniz ve hava unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 silahl\u0131 operasyonlar yap\u0131labilir.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>Kuvvet kullanma yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ikinci istisnas\u0131 ise kamuoyunda me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa hakk\u0131 olarak bilinir. BM Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 51. Maddesinde, her devletin kendisine y\u00f6nelmi\u015f bir silahl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131ya, tek ba\u015f\u0131na ya da m\u00fcttefikleriyle birlikte mukabele etme hakk\u0131 oldu\u011fu ifade edilmektedir. Uluslararas\u0131 hukuka g\u00f6re, \u00f6z savunma her devletin devlet olu\u015fundan kaynaklanan ve sorgulanamaz tabii bir hakt\u0131r. Sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan bir devlete, neden sald\u0131rgana kar\u015f\u0131 koydu\u011fu sorulamaz. 51. Madde sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan devletin durumu BM\u2019ye bildirmesini ve BM G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u2019nin alaca\u011f\u0131 kararlara g\u00f6re davranmas\u0131n\u0131 da d\u00fczenler.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>1945\u2019ten bu yana me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa konusu g\u00fcvenlikle ilgili temel uluslararas\u0131 hukuk metni olan BM Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmakla birlikte, ge\u00e7en 74 y\u0131l zarf\u0131nda uygulamada ciddi farkl\u0131l\u0131klar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>Temel tart\u0131\u015fma, sald\u0131rgan\u0131n kim oldu\u011fu ve yap\u0131lan\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131 fiili olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinedir. Mesela Kore Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda, Kuzey\u2019in mi yoksa G\u00fcney\u2019in mi ilk sald\u0131rgan oldu\u011fu \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. SSCB\u2019nin toplant\u0131lar\u0131 boykot etti\u011fi s\u0131rada G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi, Kuzey Kore\u2019nin sald\u0131rgan oldu\u011fu tespitini yapt\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan da BM G\u00fcney\u2019i korumak i\u00e7in b\u00f6lgeye asker\u00ee&nbsp;g\u00fc\u00e7 g\u00f6nderilmesini kararla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Takip eden uzun y\u0131llar boyunca farkl\u0131 devletler aras\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen BM bir daha benzer bir karar alamad\u0131. A\u011fustos 1990\u2019da Irak Kuveyt\u2019i i\u015fgal etti\u011finde, bir kez daha silahl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanma karar\u0131 alan BM G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi son 39 y\u0131ld\u0131r ise sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan devletlere yard\u0131m konusunda ad\u0131m atamad\u0131. Bu durumun en \u00f6nemli sebebi, ya bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 ihlal edenin G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u2019nin daim\u00ee&nbsp;\u00fcyeleri taraf\u0131ndan korunmas\u0131 ya da sald\u0131ran\u0131n bizzat daim\u00ee&nbsp;\u00fcyelerden biri olmas\u0131ndan kaynakland\u0131. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, veto imtiyaz\u0131na sahip olanlar BM\u2019nin kimin yan\u0131nda olaca\u011f\u0131na karar verdiler.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>Di\u011fer yandan, sald\u0131rgan\u0131n bir devlet olmamas\u0131 durumunda sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan\u0131n kendisini ne \u015fekilde savunaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda da BM 1945\u2019ten bu yana \u00e7eli\u015fkili tutumlar sergiledi. Ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleri ve\/veya devlet d\u0131\u015f\u0131 silahl\u0131 akt\u00f6rlerce hedef al\u0131nan devletlerin me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa hakk\u0131;&nbsp;sald\u0131ran\u0131n kimin g\u00fcd\u00fcm\u00fcnde ve sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan\u0131n da hangi devlet oldu\u011funa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde yorumland\u0131. Bilhassa G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi \u00fcyelerinin, ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc tan\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerinde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fine varamamalar\u0131, ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin hedef ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 devletlerin ma\u011fduriyetini derinle\u015ftirdi.<\/div>\n<div>Bu noktada, devletlerin kendi vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini temin etmek i\u00e7in ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadelelerinin BM Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n 51. Maddesinde tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekliyle bir tabii \u00f6z savunma hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6tesinde, devlet olman\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131nda yer alan, olmazsa olmaz bir unsur oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>Bir devletin di\u011ferine sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131yla, ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn bir devlete \u2018sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131\u2019 ayn\u0131 kavramla ifade edilebilir mi? Her iki fiil de \u2018sald\u0131r\u0131\u2019 kelimesiyle tan\u0131mlanabilir mi?<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>Ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 \u2018ter\u00f6r eylemi\u2019dir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctlerince hedef al\u0131nan devletler, bu \u00f6rg\u00fctlerle m\u00fccadelelerini BM Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndaki \u00f6z savunmaya me\u015fruiyet kazand\u0131ran 51. Madde ki \u2018\u015fayet bir silahl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 vuku bulursa&#8230;\u2019 ifadesinden hareketle gerek\u00e7elendirmek mecburiyetinde de\u011fillerdir. Zira ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc zaten eylemleriyle bar\u0131\u015f ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi tehdit eden bir h\u00fcviyete sahiptir ve etkisizle\u015ftirilmelidir. Kald\u0131 ki, devletler kendi yasalar\u0131yla ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele konusunda baz\u0131 devlet kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 yetkilendirdiklerine ve BM Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 2\/7 Maddesiyle, devletlerin \u2018kendi i\u00e7 yetki alanlar\u0131na giren konulara m\u00fcdahale edilemeyece\u011fi\u2019 garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, i\u00e7 hukukta ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele i\u00e7in yetkilendirilmi\u015f kurumlar\u0131n ba\u015fkaca bir dayanak aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde olmalar\u0131 gerekli de\u011fildir.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>Ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin, otorite bo\u015fluklar\u0131ndan istifade ederek veya kendilerine imk\u00e2n sunuldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerde faaliyet g\u00f6stermesi durumunda da, s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadelenin yine yukar\u0131daki anlay\u0131\u015fla s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesine imk\u00e2n vard\u0131r. Bir devletin yasalar\u0131, o devletin g\u00fcvenlik birimlerine s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n \u00f6tesinde de ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctlerini etkisizle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in gerekenleri yapma g\u00f6revi veriyorsa, var oldu\u011fu g\u00fcnden bu yana uluslararas\u0131 hukukun temelini olu\u015fturan, devlet olman\u0131n getirdi\u011fi haklar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ilave bir me\u015fruiyet dayana\u011f\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndeyim. Bunu savunurken, mevcut uluslararas\u0131 sistemin her devletin bu tabii hakk\u0131n\u0131 ayn\u0131 derece kullanmas\u0131na m\u00fcsait olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131nday\u0131m. O y\u00fczden BM sisteminin mevcut h\u00e2linin uluslararas\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f ve istikrara katk\u0131 vermedi\u011fini y\u0131llard\u0131r yaz\u0131yor ve s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorum.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>\u00d6zetle, ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde veya d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yok edilmesi i\u00e7in, me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaay\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan bir durumun mevcudiyetini ayr\u0131ca sorgulamak l\u00fczumsuzdur. Ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele her devletin asli g\u00f6revidir. Ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin uluslararas\u0131 hukuktan kaynaklanan hi\u00e7bir haklar\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Uluslararas\u0131 hukukta bir devletin di\u011ferine kar\u015f\u0131 kuvvet kullanmas\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu genel kural\u0131n iki istisnas\u0131 mevcuttur. Biri, bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 ihlal eden bir devlete kar\u015f\u0131 Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler (BM) G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u2019nin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 karara dayanarak kuvvet kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede BM Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n VII. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi \u015fekliyle, G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u2019nin kararla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n sald\u0131rgan\u0131 durdurmak ve bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 tesis etmek konusunda yetersiz kalmas\u0131 durumunda, uluslararas\u0131 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12524,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[32],"class_list":["post-4440","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gazete","tag-32"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4440","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4440"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4440\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12524"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4440"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4440"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4440"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}