Venezuela\u2019daki darbe giri\u015fimi bu \u00fclkeyi d\u00fcnya g\u00fcndeminin en \u00f6n s\u0131ralar\u0131na oturtmu\u015fken, \u2018Panama da nereden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131?\u2019 diye sorabilirsiniz. Halbuki Venezuela\u2019da kendi kendilerini yeni h\u00fck\u00fbmet olarak ilan edenlerin neden ABD taraf\u0131ndan desteklendiklerini anlamak i\u00e7in, Washington\u2019\u0131n tarih boyunca Latin Amerika\u2019ya nas\u0131l bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 incelemek gerekiyor. K\u0131saca \u2018arka bah\u00e7e politikas\u0131\u2019 olarak nitelendirilebilecek bu politikan\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcnde ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar yat\u0131yor. Panama\u2019n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k s\u00fcreci de, ABD\u2019nin Latin Amerika politikas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seren \u00e7ok \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6rnek; maalesef tek \u00f6rnek de\u011fil…<\/p>\n
ABD\u2019nin 1846-1848 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Meksika\u2019yla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 kazanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Atlas Okyanusu\u2019ndan B\u00fcy\u00fck Okyanus\u2019a uzanan devasa bir \u00fclkeye sahip olmas\u0131 bu iki k\u0131y\u0131 aras\u0131nda insan ve mal ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini daha da art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1850’lerden ba\u015flayarak Amerikal\u0131 siyaset\u00e7iler ve farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerden m\u00fcte\u015febbisler G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019da bir kanal a\u00e7arak bu iki okyanusu birbirine ba\u011flamay\u0131 g\u00fcndemlerine ald\u0131lar. Uzun y\u0131llar s\u00fcren planlamalar ve siyasi m\u00fczakerelerden sonra ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Theodore Roosevelt kanal\u0131n, o zaman Kolombiya\u2019ya ait bir toprak par\u00e7as\u0131 olan Panama\u2019da a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verdi. D\u00f6nemin ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 John Hay ile Kolombiya D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Tomas Herran, Ocak 1903\u2019te Panama k\u0131sta\u011f\u0131nda 6 mil geni\u015fli\u011finde bir b\u00f6lgenin 100 y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na ABD\u2019ye kiralanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir antla\u015fma imzalad\u0131lar. Antla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re ABD Kolombiya\u2019ya defaten 10 milyon dolar ve her y\u0131l ayr\u0131ca 250.000 dolar kira bedeli \u00f6deyecekti. ABD Senato\u2019yu bu cazip antla\u015fmay\u0131 hemen onaylad\u0131. Ama Kolombiya Senatosu, Kolombiya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle antla\u015fmay\u0131 onaylamay\u0131 reddetti. Normal \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda antla\u015fman\u0131n yeniden m\u00fczakere edilmesi beklenirdi. Ama…<\/p>\n
Belki de ismini ilk kez bu yaz\u0131da okuyaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z Phillippe Jean Bunau-Varilla hik\u00e2yenin bundan sonraki k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f kahraman\u0131. Bunau-Varilla 1880’lerden itibaren Kolombiya\u2019n\u0131n Panama b\u00f6lgesinde ABD taraf\u0131ndan bir kanal a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6steren; \u00e7aba g\u00f6stermekle kalmay\u0131p Amerikal\u0131 ortaklar\u0131 ve dostlar\u0131 sayesinde Washington\u2019da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc lobicilik yapan Frans\u0131z bir m\u00fchendisti. Kanal in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in kurulan \u015firket maddi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler ya\u015fay\u0131nca ABD\u2019ye gitti. Burada i\u015f ve siyaset \u00e7evrelerinde yak\u0131n dostluklar kurdu. Kendisine verilen deste\u011fin en \u00f6nemli sebebi kanal\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 ve i\u015fletilmesinden elde edilecek gelirden al\u0131nacak paylard\u0131. Kolombiya Senatosu Hay-Herran Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 onaylamay\u0131nca, Bunau-Varilla\u2019n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn hesaplar tehlikeye girmi\u015fti. ABD\u2019deki ortaklar\u0131yla i\u015f birlikleri ve lobi faaliyetleri sonucunda olu\u015fan ticari ili\u015fkilerin hepsinin suya d\u00fc\u015fmesi s\u00f6z konusuydu. H\u00e2lbuki hem Amerikal\u0131 dostlar\u0131 hem de \u2018h\u00fccumbot diplomasisi\u2019nin mimar\u0131 Ba\u015fkan Roosevelt, Panama\u2019da ABD\u2019ye ait bir kanal\u0131 \u00e7ok arzu ediyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Bunau-Varilla, antla\u015fman\u0131n reddedilmesinden sonra hi\u00e7 vakit kaybetmeden, Panama kanal in\u015fa b\u00f6lgesindeki ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 gruplar\u0131 Kolombiya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanmaya k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtt\u0131. Zaten bir s\u00fcredir b\u00f6lgede \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fan\u0131yordu. Bunau-Varilla ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lara, Ba\u015fkan Roosevelt\u2019in Kolombiya kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kendilerini koruyaca\u011f\u0131 garantisini verdi. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te ABD\u2019den maddi destek, silah ve m\u00fchimmat temin etti. Bunau-Varilla ayaklanmac\u0131lar\u0131n ABD deste\u011fi sayesinde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131ndan o kadar emindi ki, Kolombiya\u2019dan ayr\u0131lacak yeni \u00fclkenin bayra\u011f\u0131 ve anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7in taslaklar bile haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
Kolombiya ayaklanmay\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in b\u00f6lgeye sava\u015f gemileri sevk etti. Ama b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6nderilen ABD filosu, Kolombiya askerlerinin ayaklanmaya m\u00fcdahale etmek \u00fczere karaya \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131n\u0131 engelledi. 3 Kas\u0131m 1903\u2019te ayaklanmac\u0131lar Panama\u2019n\u0131n Kolombiya\u2019dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan ettiler. ABD 6 Kas\u0131m\u2019da gayriresm\u00ee, 10 Kas\u0131m\u2019da da resm\u00ee olarak Panama\u2019n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131d\u0131. Yeni Panama devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 ABD\u2019ye yollad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir telgrafla Bunau-Varilla\u2019y\u0131 ABD ile kanal m\u00fczakerelerini yeniden ba\u015flatmak \u00fczere Fevkalade B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i olarak atad\u0131. 18 Kas\u0131m 1903\u2019te ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Hay ile Bunau-Varilla aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan antla\u015fmayla, kanal\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ve kanal\u0131n iki yak\u0131ndan 5\u2019er millik alan\u0131n tam egemenli\u011finin 100 y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na ABD\u2019ye b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da Panama\u2019ya 10 milyon dolar ve her y\u0131l i\u00e7in 250.000 dolar \u00f6denmesi h\u00fckme ba\u011fland\u0131. Panama bu antla\u015fmay\u0131 2 Aral\u0131k 1903\u2019te onaylad\u0131. Panama Kanal\u0131 1914\u2019te a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 ve 1999\u2019da tamamen Panama\u2019ya devredilene kadar ABD\u2019nin kontrol\u00fcnde kald\u0131.<\/p>\n
Bunau-Varilla\u2019ya m\u0131 ne oldu? Zaten 17 y\u0131ld\u0131r Panama\u2019ya u\u011framam\u0131\u015f, kendisini New Yok ve Washington\u2019daki lobicilik faaliyetlerine adam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kanal antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131ktan sonra da Panama\u2019ya hi\u00e7 gitmedi. \u00dclkesi Fransa\u2019ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc. 1940\u2019ta hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r bir servet sahibi olarak orada \u00f6ld\u00fc…<\/p>\n
Bu ilgin\u00e7 hik\u00e2yenin farkl\u0131 versiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca bir\u00e7ok Latin Amerika \u00fclkesinde tekrar tekrar yeniden yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylesem ne dersiniz? Guatemala, Arjantin, \u015eili, El Salvador, Brezilya vb. \u00fclkelerin yak\u0131n tarihlerine bir g\u00f6z atal\u0131m. Sonra d\u00f6n\u00fcp Venezuela\u2019da olup bitenleri bir daha yorumlayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Venezuela\u2019daki darbe giri\u015fimi bu \u00fclkeyi d\u00fcnya g\u00fcndeminin en \u00f6n s\u0131ralar\u0131na oturtmu\u015fken, \u2018Panama da nereden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131?\u2019 diye sorabilirsiniz. Halbuki Venezuela\u2019da kendi kendilerini yeni h\u00fck\u00fbmet olarak ilan edenlerin neden ABD taraf\u0131ndan desteklendiklerini anlamak i\u00e7in, Washington\u2019\u0131n tarih boyunca Latin Amerika\u2019ya nas\u0131l bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 incelemek gerekiyor. K\u0131saca \u2018arka bah\u00e7e politikas\u0131\u2019 olarak nitelendirilebilecek bu politikan\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcnde ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar yat\u0131yor. Panama\u2019n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12580,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[32],"class_list":["post-4354","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gazete","tag-32"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4354","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4354"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4354\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12580"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4354"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4354"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4354"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}