{"id":1464,"date":"2013-02-19T10:55:47","date_gmt":"2013-02-19T08:55:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/?p=1464"},"modified":"2024-03-07T16:45:52","modified_gmt":"2024-03-07T13:45:52","slug":"abdde-yasamanin-yurutme-uzerindeki-gucu-turkiye-gazetesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/?p=1464","title":{"rendered":"ABD’de yasaman\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fctme \u00fczerindeki g\u00fcc\u00fc (19.02.2013) T\u00fcrkiye Gazetesi"},"content":{"rendered":"

ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Barack Obama’n\u0131n ikinci d\u00f6neminde Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in aday g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi Chuck Hagel’in atanmas\u0131n\u0131n Senato’da engellenmesi, ABD’deki ba\u015fkanl\u0131k modelinde y\u00fcr\u00fctmeyle yasama aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri anlamak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ilgin\u00e7 bir \u00f6rnek olu\u015fturdu. 26 \u015eubat’ta tekrar edilecek oturumda Hagel’in atama karar\u0131n\u0131n onaylanmas\u0131na kesin g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131lsa da, muhalefetin Obama’n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok giri\u015fimini engellemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmek g\u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fil. 1789’da y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011finden bu yana 27 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011frasa da, ABD Anayasas\u0131’n\u0131n iki asr\u0131 ge\u00e7en uzun s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde muhafaza edilen en \u00f6nemli maddeleri kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesiyle ilgili olanlard\u0131r. 18. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerden Montesquieu’n\u00fcn “Kanunlar\u0131n Ruhu” kitab\u0131nda, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir idarenin temel vasf\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesi, ABD’de tatbik edilmektedir. Yasama, Y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve Yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131n\u0131n yetki ve sorumluluk bak\u0131m\u0131ndan birbirleri \u00fczerinde tahakk\u00fcm kurmamas\u0131n\u0131 ve birbirlerinin alanlar\u0131na m\u00fcdahil olmamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren bu ilke ayn\u0131 zamanda, bu \u00fc\u00e7 kuvvetin bir di\u011ferinin kudretini “s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131” da \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr. S\u00f6z konusu “s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rma” ABD’de “denetim ve denge” (checks and balances) \u015feklinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu uygulamayla, devlet idaresinde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken yetkilerin ve al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken kararlar\u0131n mercilerinin birbirinden ayr\u0131 olmas\u0131, iktidar g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn tek bir ki\u015finin ya da organ\u0131n elinde toplanmas\u0131na izin verilmemesi hedeflenmi\u015ftir. Yayg\u0131n kanaatin aksine bu sadece Ba\u015fkan’\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc denetim alt\u0131nda tutmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan bir ilke de\u011fildir. Ba\u015fkan kadar, yasama ve yarg\u0131 erklerinin de, tek g\u00fc\u00e7 merkezi haline gelmeleri devletin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 i\u015fleyi\u015fi i\u00e7in bir tehdit olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Demek ki, ABD anayasas\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlayanlar se\u00e7imle iktidara gelen ama g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi boyunca mutlak kral yetkileri kullanan bir ba\u015fkan\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan oldu\u011fu kadar, yine se\u00e7imle olu\u015fan ve “g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc milletten ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131” vurgulayarak, devlet idaresinde her t\u00fcrl\u00fc konuda yetkili oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen ve \u00f6yle hareket eden bir yasama organ\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan da \u00e7ekinmi\u015flerdir. Ayn\u0131 \u00e7ekince, g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc hukuktan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, hukukun da t\u00fcm yetkilerin temelini olu\u015fturdu\u011funun alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izerek, hiyerar\u015fik olarak di\u011fer iki erkin de \u00fczerinde oldu\u011funu iddia edebilecek yarg\u0131 erkini belli s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde tutmak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini de i\u00e7erir. Denetim ve denge mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n en bariz y\u00f6n\u00fc, devlet idaresinde yap\u0131lacak i\u015flerin birden \u00e7ok organ\u0131n yetki ve sorumluluk alan\u0131na sokulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yolla, hem ba\u015fta y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve yasama olmak \u00fczere erkler aras\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli konularda “zorunlu” bir i\u015fbirli\u011fini hem de yukar\u0131da belirtti\u011fimiz \u00fczere g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir “s\u0131n\u0131rlamay\u0131” beraberinde getirir. \u00d6rnek vermek gerekirse, ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n atad\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm bakanlar\u0131n ve \u00fcst d\u00fczey devlet g\u00f6revlilerinin, Yasama organ\u0131n\u0131n iki kanad\u0131ndan biri olan Senato’nun ilgili komisyonunda ifade vermeleri ve atama kararlar\u0131n\u0131n Senato taraf\u0131ndan onaylanmas\u0131 zorunludur. Bu husus, b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7iler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Senato D\u0131\u015f \u0130li\u015fkiler Komitesi’nde yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede Ermeni iddialar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmemekte direndi\u011fi i\u00e7in, Obama taraf\u0131ndan Azerbaycan’a atanan b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7inin bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc g\u00f6revine ba\u015flayamamas\u0131 bu konuda \u00e7ok \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6rnektir. T\u00fcrkiye-ABD ili\u015fkilerinin tarihinde de, Y\u00fcr\u00fctme ile Yasama aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 sebebiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 durumlar mevcuttur. Mesela, 1830 Osmanl\u0131-ABD Anla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131n, “Osmanl\u0131 Devleti her talep etti\u011finde ABD ona sava\u015f gemisi satmay\u0131 taahh\u00fct eder” \u015feklindeki gizli maddesi ABD Senatosu taraf\u0131ndan onaylanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girememi\u015ftir. Keza A\u011fustos 1923’te Lozan’da bulunan T\u00fcrk ve Amerikan heyetleri aras\u0131nda imzalanan ve 1917’den beri kesik olan diplomatik ili\u015fkilerin yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen anla\u015fma da Senato taraf\u0131ndan onaylanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Bu anla\u015fmay\u0131, Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmamak gerekir. ABD ile Osmanl\u0131 Devleti sava\u015fmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in ABD’nin zaten Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131’nda imzas\u0131 yoktur; Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131’nda da olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi). Kongre’nin di\u011fer kanad\u0131 olan Temsilciler Meclisi ise, b\u00fct\u00e7enin onaylanmas\u0131yla ilgili g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yetkilere sahip oldu\u011fundan, bu ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak, ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n politikalar\u0131n\u0131 zora sokacak ad\u0131mlar atabilir. Mesela, ABD’nin T\u00fcrkiye’ye hibe edece\u011fi veya sataca\u011f\u0131 silahlarla ilgili Temsilciler Meclisi’nin bu t\u00fcrden engellemeleri, silahlar\u0131n verilmesini \u015farta ba\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararlar\u0131 mevcuttur. ABD’nin kendine mahsus bir modeli vard\u0131r. Amerikan ba\u015fkanl\u0131k modeli ne d\u00fcnyadaki en m\u00fckemmel, ne de en fazla taklit edilen modeldir. T\u00fcrkiye’deki yeni anayasa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, i\u015fleyen ve aksayan y\u00f6nleriyle ABD modelinin de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmas\u0131nda fayda vard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Barack Obama’n\u0131n ikinci d\u00f6neminde Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in aday g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi Chuck Hagel’in atanmas\u0131n\u0131n Senato’da engellenmesi, ABD’deki ba\u015fkanl\u0131k modelinde y\u00fcr\u00fctmeyle yasama aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri anlamak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ilgin\u00e7 bir \u00f6rnek olu\u015fturdu. 26 \u015eubat’ta tekrar edilecek oturumda Hagel’in atama karar\u0131n\u0131n onaylanmas\u0131na kesin g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131lsa da, muhalefetin Obama’n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok giri\u015fimini engellemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmek g\u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fil. 1789’da y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011finden […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13230,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1464","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gazete"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1464","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1464"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1464\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13233,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1464\/revisions\/13233"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/13230"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1464"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1464"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1464"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}