{"id":1322,"date":"2012-04-17T09:15:24","date_gmt":"2012-04-17T06:15:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/?p=1322"},"modified":"2024-03-07T17:49:07","modified_gmt":"2024-03-07T14:49:07","slug":"abdnin-en-zor-secimi-turkiye-gazetesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/?p=1322","title":{"rendered":"ABD’nin en zor se\u00e7imi (17.04.2012) T\u00fcrkiye Gazetesi"},"content":{"rendered":"

KIRAN KIRANA REKABET YA\u015eANACAK<\/strong> Adaylar\u0131n birbirlerine \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flayabilmeleri i\u00e7in ince hesaplar yapmalar\u0131 gerekiyor. Obama ve rakibi Romney, destek i\u00e7in y\u00fcz milyonlarca dolarl\u0131k bir kampanya maliyetini kar\u015f\u0131lamak mecburiyetinde… S\u00f6z konusu h\u00e2l\u00e2 tek s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7 olma vasf\u0131n\u0131 devam ettiren Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri (ABD) olunca, 6 Kas\u0131m 2012’de yap\u0131lacak ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imi ister istemez b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyay\u0131 ilgilendiriyor. ABD’nin izledi\u011fi ekonomik, siyasi ve asker\u00ee politikalar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde sonu\u00e7 do\u011furdu\u011fundan, d\u00f6rt y\u0131ld\u0131r ba\u015fkanl\u0131k yapan Barack H\u00fcseyin Obama’n\u0131n ikinci d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in koltu\u011funda kalmaya devam edip etmeyece\u011fi sadece Washington’da de\u011fil, b\u00fct\u00fcn ba\u015fkentlerde merak ediliyor. Obama’n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na Cumhuriyet\u00e7i Parti aday\u0131 olarak \u00e7\u0131kan Mitt Romney’in kim oldu\u011fu, politikalar\u0131n\u0131n ana ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131, kadrolar\u0131n\u0131n kimlerden olu\u015ftu\u011fu, Bush d\u00f6nemine damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran “Yeni Muhafazak\u00e2rlar”la ili\u015fkilerinin d\u00fczeyi gibi bilgilerin pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015fen bir\u00e7ok diplomat, Romney’in kazanma ihtimaline kar\u015f\u0131 kendi \u00fclkelerinin gerekli tutum de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini yapmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak raporlar haz\u0131rl\u0131yorlar. ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Barack H\u00fcseyin Obama, f\u0131rsat bulduk\u00e7a se\u00e7im i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenen kampanyalara kat\u0131l\u0131yor. Obama’n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na Cumhuriyet\u00e7i Parti aday\u0131 olarak \u00e7\u0131kan Mitt Romney, hemen her g\u00fcn ayr\u0131 bir kampanya d\u00fczenleyerek se\u00e7menlerin oylar\u0131n\u0131 kendine \u00e7ekmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. SENATO YEN\u0130LENECEK<\/strong> 6 Kas\u0131m tarihinde sadece ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmayacak. ABD yasama organ\u0131 olan Kongre’yi olu\u015fturan Temsilciler Meclisi ve Senato’da da \u00fcyeler yenilenecek. Temsilciler Meclisi’ndeki koltuklar\u0131n tamam\u0131, Senato’dakilerin ise \u00fc\u00e7te biri i\u00e7in se\u00e7im yap\u0131lacak. Ayr\u0131ca 11 eyalette valilik, \u00e7ok say\u0131da kentte belediye ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7imi var. Amerikal\u0131lar bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda eyaletlerindeki \u00e7e\u015fitli makamlar i\u00e7in de oy verecek. Eyalet devlet sekreteri, eyalet muhasibi, eyalet ba\u015fsavc\u0131s\u0131, eyalet mali denet\u00e7isi, eyalet mahkemelerinin \u00fcyeleri, ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imi ile ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn yap\u0131lacak se\u00e7imde belirlenecek. PORTO R\u0130KO’DA REFERANDUM<\/strong> Son olarak 1898’den beri ABD topraklar\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan ama eyalet stat\u00fcs\u00fc bulunmayan Porto Riko’da \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir referandum yap\u0131lacak. Porto Rikolulara, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k isteyip istemedikleri sorulacak. Daha \u00f6nce 1967, 1993 ve 1998’de yap\u0131lan referandumlarda Porto Rikolular ABD’nin t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi olmayan, “dolayl\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi” kalmay\u0131 tercih etmi\u015flerdi. Belki de 6 Kas\u0131m’da hem ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesine hem de yeni bir devletin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanmas\u0131na \u015fahitlik edece\u011fiz. OY VERME \u0130\u015eLEM\u0130 SALI G\u00dcN\u00dc<\/strong> ABD’de ba\u015fkan se\u00e7imi d\u00f6rt y\u0131lda bir kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00dclkenin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki birka\u00e7 istisnan\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, 1844’ten bug\u00fcne ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imleri hep kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Bunun sebebi, kuruldu\u011funda bir tar\u0131m \u00fclkesi olan ve n\u00fcfusunun b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerden olu\u015fan ABD’de, “hasat mevsiminden sonra ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 so\u011fuklar ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce” se\u00e7im yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n daha uygun olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131. Bir de se\u00e7imlerin sal\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fc yap\u0131lmas\u0131 konusu var. 1845’ten beri b\u00fct\u00fcn se\u00e7imler “Kas\u0131m ay\u0131n\u0131n ilk Pazartesinden sonraki Sal\u0131” g\u00fcn\u00fc yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Sal\u0131’n\u0131n tespit edilmesinde dini sebepler rol oynam\u0131\u015f. Oy vermek i\u00e7in k\u00f6ylerinden ve \u00e7iftliklerinden yola \u00e7\u0131kacak Hristiyanlar\u0131n kutsal g\u00fcn\u00fc olan Pazar’\u0131 yolda ge\u00e7irmelerinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in Sal\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcnde karar k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015f. Se\u00e7imin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn ABD’nin tamam\u0131nda resm\u00ee tatil ilan edilmiyor. Az say\u0131da eyalet “S\u00fcper Sal\u0131”y\u0131 tatil ilan ederken, genelde se\u00e7im g\u00fcn\u00fc tatil de\u011fil. Ama kanunlarla, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n oy verme i\u015flemi i\u00e7in birka\u00e7 saatli\u011fine \u00fccret kayb\u0131 olmadan izinli say\u0131lmas\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f. SANDI\u011eA G\u0130TME ORANI AZ<\/strong> Se\u00e7im g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn tatil olmamas\u0131, se\u00e7ime kat\u0131l\u0131m oran\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkileyen fakt\u00f6rlerden biri. 1972’den beri yap\u0131lan son 10 ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7iminde, kat\u0131l\u0131m oran\u0131 % 57’nin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015f, \u00e7o\u011funlukla da % 55’in alt\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015f. 2008 se\u00e7iminde ipi g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcsleyen Obama’n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131nda, oy vermemeyi \u00e2det haline getirmi\u015f az\u0131nl\u0131k gruplar\u0131n\u0131 ve dar gelirli kesimleri kendisine oy vermeleri i\u00e7in sand\u0131k ba\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcrebilmesi yat\u0131yordu. 2012 se\u00e7iminde de belirleyici fakt\u00f6rlerden biri Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n sand\u0131\u011fa gitme oran\u0131 olacak. 538 K\u0130\u015e\u0130L\u0130K KURUL<\/strong> ABD Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imiyle ilgili bilinmesi gereken bir di\u011fer husus da asl\u0131nda Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7ecek olan 538 ki\u015filik bir kurulu se\u00e7tikleri ger\u00e7e\u011fi. Bu ba\u011flamda, ABD ba\u015fkan se\u00e7imi dolayl\u0131 se\u00e7im niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yor. Bu acayip se\u00e7im sisteminin arkas\u0131nda, federal devletle eyaletler aras\u0131ndaki yetki payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l olaca\u011f\u0131na dair tarihsel tart\u0131\u015fma yat\u0131yor. ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n ve ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Kongre taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilmesini savunanlarla, halk taraf\u0131ndan do\u011frudan oyla se\u00e7ilmesini isteyenler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eki\u015fme sonucunda, “iki turlu se\u00e7im” olarak da nitelendirilebilecek bu model ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f. Her eyaletin, ABD Kongresi’ndeki Temsilciler Meclisi \u00fcyesi ve senat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn toplam say\u0131s\u0131 kadar ikinci se\u00e7meni bulunuyor. Senat\u00f6r say\u0131s\u0131 her eyalet i\u00e7in iki olarak belirlenmi\u015fken, Temsilciler Meclisi \u00fcyelerinin say\u0131s\u0131 ilgili eyaletin n\u00fcfusuna g\u00f6re ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Bu durumda kalabal\u0131k eyaletler olan Kaliforniya’n\u0131n 55, Teksas’\u0131n 38, New York ve Florida’n\u0131n 29 ikinci se\u00e7meni bulunurken, Alaska, Delaware, Montana, Kuzey ve G\u00fcney Dakota, Wyoming ve Vermont gibi az n\u00fcfusa sahip olan eyaletlerin \u00fc\u00e7er ikinci se\u00e7meni var. Eyalet stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde olmayan federal ba\u015fkent Washington DC.’de oturanlara da \u00fc\u00e7 adet ikinci se\u00e7men se\u00e7me hakk\u0131 verilmi\u015f. \u0130K\u0130 TURLU SE\u00c7\u0130M\u0130N OLUMSUZLU\u011eU<\/strong> \u0130ki turlu se\u00e7imin en olumsuz taraf\u0131, eyaletlerde rakiplerine g\u00f6re bir oy bile fazla alan aday\u0131n, o eyaletteki b\u00fct\u00fcn ikinci se\u00e7menleri kazanm\u0131\u015f say\u0131lmas\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye’de genel se\u00e7imlerde, bir ilin milletvekillikleri % 10 baraj\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7en partilerin o ilde ald\u0131klar\u0131 oylara g\u00f6re partiler aras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131rken, ABD’de b\u00f6yle bir uygulama yok. “Ya hep, ya hi\u00e7” olarak isimlendirilen sistemde, mesela Kaliforniya’da se\u00e7imi kazanan aday, 55 ikinci se\u00e7meni birden kazanm\u0131\u015f oluyor. Rakibiyle aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok az bir oy fark\u0131 olsa da, ikinci se\u00e7menlerin payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olmuyor. Bu sistemin, ge\u00e7mi\u015f se\u00e7imlerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck gariplikleri de oldu. 2000’de yap\u0131lan ve George W. Bush’un 271 ikinci se\u00e7men oyu olarak ba\u015fkan se\u00e7ildi\u011fi se\u00e7imde, Demokrat Parti aday\u0131 Al Gore, ABD \u00e7ap\u0131nda George Bush’tan 543.000 daha fazla oy alm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen 266 ikinci se\u00e7men oyu toplayabilmi\u015f ve 5 oyla ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaybetmi\u015fti. EN PAHALI SE\u00c7\u0130M OLACAK<\/strong> Bu sistemin bir di\u011fer olumsuzlu\u011fu ise, ikinci se\u00e7menlerin kendilerini se\u00e7en kitlenin istekleri do\u011frultusunda oy vermemeleri durumu. 24 eyalette cezai m\u00fceyyidelere ba\u011flansa da, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte farkl\u0131 adaya oy veren ya da hi\u00e7 oy vermeyen ikinci se\u00e7menler olmu\u015f. Bug\u00fcne kadar 85 ikinci se\u00e7men, s\u00f6z vermi\u015f olduklar\u0131 halde tutum de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015fler. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki aylarda k\u0131ran k\u0131rana bir rekabet i\u00e7ine girecek olan Obama ve Romney’in birbirlerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flayabilmeleri i\u00e7in \u00e7ok ince hesaplar yapmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Se\u00e7menlerin hem kendi politikalar\u0131n\u0131 desteklemesini hem de oy vermek i\u00e7in sand\u0131\u011fa gelmelerini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in her iki aday y\u00fcz milyonlarca dolarla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen bir kampanya maliyetini de kar\u015f\u0131lamak zorunda. 2012 ABD Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7iminin, bug\u00fcne kadar demokrasi tarihinde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f en pahal\u0131 se\u00e7im olaca\u011f\u0131 tahminleri \u015fimdiden yap\u0131l\u0131yor. Kampanyalar\u0131n ana hatlar\u0131n\u0131n ve ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 adaylar\u0131n\u0131n belirginle\u015fmesinden sonra ABD se\u00e7imi konusunu tekrar ele alaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

KIRAN KIRANA REKABET YA\u015eANACAK Adaylar\u0131n birbirlerine \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flayabilmeleri i\u00e7in ince hesaplar yapmalar\u0131 gerekiyor. Obama ve rakibi Romney, destek i\u00e7in y\u00fcz milyonlarca dolarl\u0131k bir kampanya maliyetini kar\u015f\u0131lamak mecburiyetinde… S\u00f6z konusu h\u00e2l\u00e2 tek s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7 olma vasf\u0131n\u0131 devam ettiren Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri (ABD) olunca, 6 Kas\u0131m 2012’de yap\u0131lacak ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imi ister istemez b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyay\u0131 ilgilendiriyor. ABD’nin izledi\u011fi ekonomik, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13389,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1322","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gazete"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1322","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1322"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1322\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13390,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1322\/revisions\/13390"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/13389"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1322"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1322"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1322"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}