{"id":1162,"date":"2011-04-26T14:09:03","date_gmt":"2011-04-26T11:09:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/?p=1162"},"modified":"2024-03-07T23:02:43","modified_gmt":"2024-03-07T20:02:43","slug":"baskanlik-sisteminin-adi-degil-ozu-onemli-turkiye-gazetesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/?p=1162","title":{"rendered":"Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k sisteminin ad\u0131 de\u011fil \u00f6z\u00fc \u00f6nemli (26.04.2011) T\u00fcrkiye Gazetesi"},"content":{"rendered":"

50 \u00dcLKEN\u0130N MODEL\u0130<\/span><\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada ABD’nin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Afganistan’dan Uganda’ya, \u0130ran’dan Sudan’a kadar 50 civar\u0131nda \u00fclke ba\u015fkanl\u0131k modeliyle y\u00f6netilmektedir. Ama bu konuda hep ABD \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. KEND\u0130NE \u00d6ZG\u00dc… Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k modelinin, t\u00fcm s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lara deva olacakm\u0131\u015f gibi savunulmas\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fru bulmuyorum. Kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckleri kadar eksiklikleri de var. \u00d6nemli olan modelin ad\u0131 de\u011fil \u00f6z\u00fcd\u00fcr. T\u00fcrkiye’de ne zaman ‘ba\u015fkanl\u0131k modeli’ tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lsa, akla hemen ABD geliyor. H\u00e2lbuki d\u00fcnyada Afganistan’dan Tanzanya’ya, \u0130ran’dan Sudan’a kadar pek \u00e7ok \u00fclke ba\u015fkanl\u0131k modeliyle y\u00f6netilmektedir. 1823’te Monroe Doktrini ile ABD’nin ‘arka bah\u00e7esi’ haline getirilen G\u00fcney Amerika \u00fclkelerinin tamam\u0131n\u0131n ‘El Presidente’leri ve ABD yasama organ\u0131n\u0131n isminden ilham alan ‘El Congreso’lar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Ba\u015fkanl\u0131kla y\u00f6netilen 50 kadar \u00f6rnek i\u00e7inde, ilk \u00f6rnek oldu\u011fundan ve demokratik sorunlar\u0131 asgari d\u00fczeyde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, tart\u0131\u015fmalar esnas\u0131nda ekseriyetle ABD \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131yor. Nedense, ABD’nin kendine has tarihsel s\u00fcreci, toplumsal yap\u0131s\u0131, kurulu\u015fu esnas\u0131ndaki federatif-cumhuriyet\u00e7i tart\u0131\u015fmalar fazlaca dikkate al\u0131nmadan, sanki ABD’deki model, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n di\u011fer t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerinde de ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde i\u015fleyebilirmi\u015f izlenimi olu\u015fturuluyor. Yine nedense, ba\u015fkanl\u0131kla idare edilen \u015eili, Guatemala, Liberya, Uganda veya Filipinleri \u00f6rnek vermek kimsenin fazlaca akl\u0131na gelmiyor. Dahas\u0131, \u00fcnl\u00fc siyaset bilimci Maurice Duverger’in ba\u015fkanl\u0131k sistemini de\u011ferlendirirken kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 “se\u00e7ilmi\u015f kral” nitelendirmesi \u00e7o\u011fu zaman g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. ABD’deki sistemi \u00f6rnek verenler, d\u00f6rt y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na -en fazla iki d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in- se\u00e7ilen ba\u015fkan\u0131n, parlamenter demokrasideki ba\u015fbakandan farkl\u0131 olarak, g\u00f6revini yar\u0131da b\u0131rakmas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bunun da \u00fclkede temel istikrar unsuru oldu\u011funu dile getiriyorlar. Fakat bu istikrar\u0131n, ba\u015fkanl\u0131k d\u00f6nemince devam eden bir diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesinin ancak ba\u015fkan \u00fczerinde etkili bir yasama denetimiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabildi\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131. AZ\u0130L M\u00dcESSESES\u0130 \u015eART 1868’de Andrew Johnson ve 1998’de Bill Clinton Kongre taraf\u0131ndan azledilmekten son anda kurtulmu\u015flard\u0131. Richard Nixon ise 1974’te, azledilmesine ramak kala, istifa etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetkilerini suiistimal etmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ba\u015fkan \u00fczerinde ‘Demokles’in K\u0131l\u0131c\u0131’ gibi duran azil m\u00fcessesini i\u00e7ermeyen ba\u015fkanl\u0131k modelleri ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa mahk\u00fbmdur. Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k sisteminin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bir di\u011fer avantaj\u0131 ise ‘erkler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131’ ilkesi gere\u011fince, Ba\u015fkan’\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fctme i\u015flevlerinin, yasama organ\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilebilmesi, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, \u00fclke menfaatlerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olabilecek politikalar\u0131n, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesinin yasama taraf\u0131ndan engellenebilmesi. B\u00f6ylelikle, yasama organ\u0131n\u0131n, y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin tercihlerini sadece onaylayan bir merci olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131, ger\u00e7ek anlamda halk\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 koruyan bir makama d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ifade ediliyor. Elbette bunun ancak parti disiplini mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilece\u011fi ak\u0131ldan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmamal\u0131. PART\u0130 \u0130\u00c7\u0130 DEMOKRAS\u0130 Bir \u00fclkede, parlamentodaki siyasal partiler ‘grup karar\u0131’ alarak hareket ediyorsa, ister parlamenter ister ba\u015fkanl\u0131k modeli ge\u00e7erli olsun, o \u00fclkede etkili bir yasama denetiminin uygulanmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olamaz. Ba\u015fkan’la ayn\u0131 partiden olan yasama organ\u0131 \u00fcyelerinin, y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin politikalar\u0131n\u0131 sorgulamalar\u0131 veya bunlara itiraz etmeleri halinde, partiden d\u0131\u015flanabilecekleri endi\u015fesini ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 durumlarda, ‘erkler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131’ ilkesi anlam\u0131n\u0131 yitirir. Ba\u015fkan’la ayn\u0131 partiden olsalar bile, yasama g\u00f6revlerinin gerektirdi\u011fi sorumlulukla milletvekillerinin kimi durumlarda ‘hay\u0131r’ diyebilmeleri ancak parti i\u00e7i demokrasinin tam olarak tecelli etmesiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. E\u011fer yasama organ\u0131 \u00fcyeleri, her makama se\u00e7imle geliyorlarsa, aday aday\u0131, aday ve milletvekili olurken sadece se\u00e7imlerde ald\u0131klar\u0131 oylar etkili oluyorsa, o halde Ba\u015fkan’a kar\u015f\u0131 seslerini y\u00fckseltmeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir. Yok, e\u011fer parti i\u00e7indeki temay\u00fcl yoklamalar\u0131nda birinci \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131na veya bir \u00f6nceki se\u00e7imde ald\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00fcksek oya ra\u011fmen, Ba\u015fkan taraf\u0131ndan ‘\u00e7izilebilecekleri’nden korkuyorlarsa, o zaman parlamenter sistemdekinden \u00e7ok da farkl\u0131 bir yasama organ\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olamaz. Son olarak, ba\u015fkanl\u0131k sisteminin daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve daha etkili karar al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan, b\u00f6ylece halk\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ve beklentilerinin \u00e7abucak kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131na hizmet eden bir model oldu\u011fu \u00fczerinde duranlar da var. Klasik parlamenter modelde, yasa tasar\u0131 ve tekliflerinin aylarca, bazen y\u0131llarca yasama organ\u0131ndaki komisyonlarda, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman da, alt komisyonlarda bekledi\u011fi, hatta yasama d\u00f6nemi sona ermeden kanunla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in kad\u00fck olduklar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, ‘h\u0131zl\u0131 ve etkin’ i\u015fleyen bir yap\u0131 \u00f6nerisi kula\u011fa ho\u015f geliyor. Ba\u015fkan’\u0131n yasalar\u0131 veto etme, Kongre’nin de, Ba\u015fkan’\u0131n vetosunu, nitelikli \u00e7o\u011funlukla ortadan kald\u0131rma hakk\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu ABD modelinde, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve yasama aras\u0131ndaki ‘kontrol ve denge’ mekanizmas\u0131 olmasayd\u0131, acaba bu h\u0131zl\u0131 i\u015fleyi\u015f sa\u011flanabilir miydi? HER Y\u00d6N\u00dcYLE TARTI\u015eALIM Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k modelinin, t\u00fcm sorunlara deva olacakm\u0131\u015f gibi savunulmas\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fru bulmuyorum. Kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckleri kadar eksiklikleri da var. \u00dcstelik ABD d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00fclkelerde bu modelin avantajlar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok dezavantajlar\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. D\u00fcnyada, ba\u015fkanl\u0131kla y\u00f6netilenden daha \u00e7ok, parlamenter modelle y\u00f6netilen demokratik \u00fclke var. Bir \u00fclkedeki demokrasinin d\u00fczeyiyle ba\u015fkanl\u0131k modeli aras\u0131nda do\u011frudan bir ili\u015fki yok. Ne \u0130ngiltere, ne Japonya, ne de Avustralya ba\u015fkanl\u0131k sistemiyle idare ediliyor. Daha fazla demokratikle\u015fme, \u00f6ncelikli olarak y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7iminin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesiyle de\u011fil, demokrasinin her d\u00fczeyde \u00f6z\u00fcmsenmesi ve i\u00e7selle\u015ftirilmesiyle olacak. Yasama organ\u0131 \u00fcyelerinin, \u00e7e\u015fitli kayg\u0131larla siyasi liderlerine biat ettikleri \u00fclkelerde, sistemin ad\u0131 ne olursa olsun ger\u00e7ek demokrasiden s\u00f6z edilemez. Modelin ad\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc tart\u0131\u015fal\u0131m; ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011fa de\u011fil, defosuz demokrasiye ge\u00e7i\u015fin yollar\u0131n\u0131 arayal\u0131m. BA\u015eKANLARIN ZOR ANLARI ABD?Ba\u015fkanlar\u0131ndan Richard Nixon 1974’te, azledilmesine ramak kala istifa etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015f, Bill Clinton ise Kongre taraf\u0131ndan azledilmekten son anda kurtulmu\u015ftu.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

50 \u00dcLKEN\u0130N MODEL\u0130 Bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada ABD’nin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Afganistan’dan Uganda’ya, \u0130ran’dan Sudan’a kadar 50 civar\u0131nda \u00fclke ba\u015fkanl\u0131k modeliyle y\u00f6netilmektedir. Ama bu konuda hep ABD \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. KEND\u0130NE \u00d6ZG\u00dc… Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k modelinin, t\u00fcm s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lara deva olacakm\u0131\u015f gibi savunulmas\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fru bulmuyorum. Kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckleri kadar eksiklikleri de var. \u00d6nemli olan modelin ad\u0131 de\u011fil \u00f6z\u00fcd\u00fcr. T\u00fcrkiye’de ne zaman […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13651,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1162","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gazete"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1162","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1162"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1162\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/13651"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1162"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1162"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cagrierhan.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1162"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}